Thinking in History
History only exists in the present.
Can you understand and explain this historical concept?
In your book, copy down the title "Thinking in History" and the statement above. In your own words, try and explain the concept.
Copy the table above into your book.
Revolutions of the mind
Questions: Wait For it…The Mongols!
Directions: Watch the video “Wait for it… The Mongols: World History Crash Course #17” on www.youtube.com and answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper.
1. The Mongols were originally nomadic herders from the steppes of Central Asia. What are four key things to remember about nomadic herders?
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2. What two innovations allowed Temujin [Chinggis, or Genghis, Khan] to unite the Mongol Confederation and earn the title of Great Khan?
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3. Name the four empires, or khanates, that were formed out of Genghis Khan’s conquests after his death? (*Don’t forget to write the name of the khanate and its geographic location!)
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4. Why were the Mongol armies so successful at conquest despite their relatively small size?
5. What are five arguments for Mongol awesomeness?
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6. What are five reasons why the Mongols may not have been so great?
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Why do you think we should regard the Mongol expansion as the start of our studies into modern Europe?
Directions: Watch the video “Wait for it… The Mongols: World History Crash Course #17” on www.youtube.com and answer the questions below on a separate piece of paper.
1. The Mongols were originally nomadic herders from the steppes of Central Asia. What are four key things to remember about nomadic herders?
-
-
-
-
2. What two innovations allowed Temujin [Chinggis, or Genghis, Khan] to unite the Mongol Confederation and earn the title of Great Khan?
-
-
3. Name the four empires, or khanates, that were formed out of Genghis Khan’s conquests after his death? (*Don’t forget to write the name of the khanate and its geographic location!)
-
-
-
-
4. Why were the Mongol armies so successful at conquest despite their relatively small size?
5. What are five arguments for Mongol awesomeness?
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-
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6. What are five reasons why the Mongols may not have been so great?
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Why do you think we should regard the Mongol expansion as the start of our studies into modern Europe?
Research task - Early-modern European changes
Using the videos on https://www.historychamps.com/revolutions-of-the-mind, uncover what each of these historical movements were, and how they changed Europe:
Black Death
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Does your original decision about the Mongol expansion still seem OK? If so, why? If not, explain why not….
Black Death
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Does your original decision about the Mongol expansion still seem OK? If so, why? If not, explain why not….
What was absolutism and where did it come from?
Watch the BBC documentary, from 0 to 20 minutes, on Historychamps https://www.historychamps.com/revolutions-of-the-mind and answer the questions below.
1. What was absolutism ?
2. What was the movement that helped end it?
3. How did it do this?
2. What was the movement that helped end it?
3. How did it do this?
Do monarchies still exist today?
Watch the video below and answer the questions that follow.
- Describe the global distribution of the world's current monarchies.
- How do constitutional monarchies work?
- Name 3 countries that are absolute monarchies.
- What is a Republic?
- Why do you think monarchies are still quite common, even after the Age of Enlightenment?
- Can you think of any ways that government could be more fair and effective?
Key turning points in the Age of Enlightenment
Study the scientific, intellectual, political and religious turning points in more detail below.
Using some information from each of them, create an argument that explains how a more modern age of enlightenment came about in early modern Europe.
Use your research and arguments to create an infographic on A3 paper that reflects the important changes that caused the Enlightenment.
Using some information from each of them, create an argument that explains how a more modern age of enlightenment came about in early modern Europe.
Use your research and arguments to create an infographic on A3 paper that reflects the important changes that caused the Enlightenment.
An overview of events and ideas
The Scientific Method and inventions
What is the Scientific Method?
The scientific method is defined as a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from this data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.
What in the world does that mean?!?
The scientific method is a way for scientists to study and learn things. It doesn't matter what the scientist is trying to learn, using the scientific method can help them come up with an answer.
The first thing to do with the scientific method is to come up with a question. You can't find the answer until you know the question after all!
Next you need to observe and gather information in order to come up with a guess (called a hypothesis) or a number of guesses to the answer.
Now you run experiments to see if your guess is right. As you run experiments you can change your guess, or hypothesis, to fit your results. A key to good experiments is to only change one thing, or variable, at a time. This way you can check your results and know what you changed that changed the answer.
Finally, after running all the tests you can think of, you present your final answer.
By going through this process, scientists have a way to verify their guesses and to double check each other. Another scientist can take a look at your tests and add some more tests and continue to refine your answer to the question.
Scientific Method Steps
As described above there are steps you take when using the scientific method. Here is an example of the steps:
History of the Scientific Method
The scientific method wasn't invented by one person, but was developed by different scientists and philosophers over the years. For something that sounds so simple and basic, there are still long scientific papers written about the method and scientists who disagree on exactly the best way to implement it.
Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton all helped contribute to the development of the scientific method as a good way to learn about nature and science. They wrote papers and discussed how using experiments and changing variables can help to determine if a guess (or hypothesis) is correct.
Why is the Scientific Method Important?
The scientific method is the cornerstone to modern science. Without a formal method of determining questions and their answers, we wouldn't have science or the knowledge we have today.
The Scientific Method and inventions
What is the Scientific Method?
The scientific method is defined as a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from this data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested.
What in the world does that mean?!?
The scientific method is a way for scientists to study and learn things. It doesn't matter what the scientist is trying to learn, using the scientific method can help them come up with an answer.
The first thing to do with the scientific method is to come up with a question. You can't find the answer until you know the question after all!
Next you need to observe and gather information in order to come up with a guess (called a hypothesis) or a number of guesses to the answer.
Now you run experiments to see if your guess is right. As you run experiments you can change your guess, or hypothesis, to fit your results. A key to good experiments is to only change one thing, or variable, at a time. This way you can check your results and know what you changed that changed the answer.
Finally, after running all the tests you can think of, you present your final answer.
By going through this process, scientists have a way to verify their guesses and to double check each other. Another scientist can take a look at your tests and add some more tests and continue to refine your answer to the question.
Scientific Method Steps
As described above there are steps you take when using the scientific method. Here is an example of the steps:
- Ask a question
- Gather information and observe (research)
- Make a hypothesis (guess the answer)
- Experiment and test your hypothesis
- Analyze your test results
- Present a conclusion
History of the Scientific Method
The scientific method wasn't invented by one person, but was developed by different scientists and philosophers over the years. For something that sounds so simple and basic, there are still long scientific papers written about the method and scientists who disagree on exactly the best way to implement it.
Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton all helped contribute to the development of the scientific method as a good way to learn about nature and science. They wrote papers and discussed how using experiments and changing variables can help to determine if a guess (or hypothesis) is correct.
Why is the Scientific Method Important?
The scientific method is the cornerstone to modern science. Without a formal method of determining questions and their answers, we wouldn't have science or the knowledge we have today.
Inventions
Astronomy
Many of the great scientific discoveries made during the Renaissance were in the area of astronomy. Great scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler all made major contributions. This was such a big subject that we devoted an entire page to it. Learn more about it at our page on Renaissance Astronomy.
Microscope/Telescope/Eyeglasses
Both the microscope and the telescope were invented during the Renaissance. This was due to improvements in making lenses. These improved lenses also helped with making eyeglasses, which would be needed with the invention of the printing press and more people reading.
Clock
The first mechanical clock was invented during the early Renaissance. Improvements were made by Galileo who invented the pendulum in 1581. This invention allowed clocks to be made that were much more accurate.
Warfare
There were also inventions that advanced warfare. This included cannons and muskets which fired metal balls using gunpowder. These new weapons signaled the end of both the Middle Age castle and the knight.
Other Inventions
Other inventions during this time include the flushing toilet, the wrench, the screwdriver, wallpaper, and the submarine.
Alchemy
Alchemy was sort of like chemistry, but generally wasn't based on a lot of scientific facts. A lot of people thought that there was a single substance from which all other substances could be made. Many hoped to find a way to make gold and become rich.
Astronomy
Many of the great scientific discoveries made during the Renaissance were in the area of astronomy. Great scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler all made major contributions. This was such a big subject that we devoted an entire page to it. Learn more about it at our page on Renaissance Astronomy.
Microscope/Telescope/Eyeglasses
Both the microscope and the telescope were invented during the Renaissance. This was due to improvements in making lenses. These improved lenses also helped with making eyeglasses, which would be needed with the invention of the printing press and more people reading.
Clock
The first mechanical clock was invented during the early Renaissance. Improvements were made by Galileo who invented the pendulum in 1581. This invention allowed clocks to be made that were much more accurate.
Warfare
There were also inventions that advanced warfare. This included cannons and muskets which fired metal balls using gunpowder. These new weapons signaled the end of both the Middle Age castle and the knight.
Other Inventions
Other inventions during this time include the flushing toilet, the wrench, the screwdriver, wallpaper, and the submarine.
Alchemy
Alchemy was sort of like chemistry, but generally wasn't based on a lot of scientific facts. A lot of people thought that there was a single substance from which all other substances could be made. Many hoped to find a way to make gold and become rich.
Religious change
Architecture
A link here to some interesting architectural developments and images that you could use in your infographic design.
Continuity - What didn't really change?
Infographic assessment mark scheme [10]
Content
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Visuals
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5
3-4 2 1 |
Appropriate details support main idea.
Accurate and detailed information. Information adequately supports purpose of visual. Most details support main idea. Accurate information for almost all subject matter. Information is mostly adequate and supportive of visual’s purpose. Few details support main idea. Lacking accurate information. Inadequate information is not clearly supportive of visual’s purpose. No details to support main idea. Information is not accurate. Information does not support the visual’s purpose |
Outstanding use of colour, design, and space.
Original and creative design. Overall design is pleasing and harmonious. Adequate use of colour, design, and space. Design is adequate. Overall design is mostly pleasing and harmonious. Inappropriate use of colour, design, and space. Design lacks creativity. Lack of harmonious design in presentation. Little attempt to use colour, design and space appropriately. Design is dull. Project has sloppy appearance |
Deeper into the Age of Enlightenment
Before we move on to look at the events that defined the Age of Enlightenment we must understand what happened during this period to give it its name and its place in history.
Some of the people and events may be familiar from our studies thus far. Watch the two videos and complete the task below.
Task
While watching the videos, make notes on the events, places and people and put them in the correct category.
Political changes (government, law, etc.)
Religious changes (power of the church, etc.)
Educational changes (philosophy, economics, etc.)
Social changes (power of individuals, role of the masses, etc.)
Some of the people and events may be familiar from our studies thus far. Watch the two videos and complete the task below.
Task
While watching the videos, make notes on the events, places and people and put them in the correct category.
Political changes (government, law, etc.)
Religious changes (power of the church, etc.)
Educational changes (philosophy, economics, etc.)
Social changes (power of individuals, role of the masses, etc.)
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So how enlightened was the Age of Enlightenment? Just like our naming of the "Dark Ages", which were actually full of art, innovation and progress, the Enlightenment wasn't all roses and not all people benefitted equally.
TASK
In groups, decide on the most significant and important area of progress during the Enlightenment.
Create a substantiated (using clear evidence and reasoning) argument for your choice. For example, you could argue based upon the long-term affect of the change, or the scale of its spread; or you could argue in terms of the magnitude of the change seen at the time.
Show your argument as a presentation to the class.
TASK
In groups, decide on the most significant and important area of progress during the Enlightenment.
Create a substantiated (using clear evidence and reasoning) argument for your choice. For example, you could argue based upon the long-term affect of the change, or the scale of its spread; or you could argue in terms of the magnitude of the change seen at the time.
Show your argument as a presentation to the class.